Gender Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Sex Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace Essay Customarily, ladies have been viewed as the more fragile sex and subordinate to men. Additionally, their jobs have been doled out to residential and childrearing obligations. The activity advertise is male ruled, and ladies are frequently viewed as strange in that. Ladies face extensive sexual separation in the realm of work, fundamentally constraining their business possibilities and ensuing progression in their vocations. Ladies for the most part think that its more troublesome than men to gain a fulltime work. Additionally, when they can effectively look for some kind of employment, they frequently battle to stretch out their compasses and advance to higher positions. The occupations ladies are allowed are all the time those with low status and correspondingly lower salary. As Harolambos (Sociology: Themes and Perspectives) says, â€Å"Women face various detriments in paid work. Initially, they will in general be lower paid than men. Also, they are bound to be in low maintenance work. Thirdly, they tend to moved in the lower ranges of the occupations in which they work. Fourthly, ladies will in general do specific sorts of occupations, as a rule those with low status.† In aquiring work, it must be recollected that as a rule, the business is male. Men are the ones in the activity advertise with force and authority, and along these lines settle on most of the choices †including who gets employed. As Peter Worsley (The New Introducing Sociology) puts it, â€Å"Within the gendered work environment, it is constantly men who are overwhelmingly in places of intensity and authority. It is men who, all around, make decisions.† At the point when forthcoming female workers are being considered for business, a few predispositions will in general become possibly the most important factor in the brains of the businesses. Right off the bat, male candidates for the activity are regularly given more inclination since it is expected that they have a spouse and family to help. In the perspective on numerous businesses, the job of ladies as providers is a subordinate one to that of their significant other (in the event that she is hitched). Added to this reality, ladies lead more intricate public activities than that of men. They frequently should adjust their jobs as money related suppliers and youngster guardians. Businesses frequently pose individual inquiries to female candidates. They plan to acquire foundation data. This may incorporate her conjugal status, regardless of whether she has any youngsters and their ages, or on the off chance that she is a single parent. At that point they decipher these snippets of data in a few, partial lights. For instance, in the event that she is hitched, they accept that her significant other is the essential provider and her job will be subordinate. This puts the female candidate off guard when contrasted with a male candidate with a â€Å"wife and family to support.† Or they may expect that a solitary parent mother with a small kid may require a lot of individual opportunity to satisfy her parental jobs at the misfortune to the business (showing as a misfortune in â€Å"man-hours†). Ladies †both single and wedded †may even be inquired as to whether they expect to have kids at a prospective employee meeting, maybe casually. Also, on the off chance that they state â€Å"yes†, contemplations of maternity leave, sponsored childcare and their costs quickly spring in the brains of the business. A lady who relinquishes her position on maternity leave frequently risks not having a vocation to come back to. â€Å"Britain for instance, has the most reduced pace of maternity leave in the European Union. 60% of ladies in the United States have no satisfactory access to such leave.† (David Bender and Bruno Leone, 1989) In Trinidad and Tobago, ladies had for all intents and purposes no security from such segregation until 2001, when the Maternity Leave Act was passed †ensuring that their activity would at present be accessible on their arrival. Numerous moms are making careful effort to discover fulltime work. Their parental requests make it hard to seek after a fulltime vocation. Managers frequently make no arrangements for them, just as ladies coming back from maternity leave, in the method of work environment creche and nursery administrations. Their low maintenance status implies that they win altogether less. Unexpectedly, they win less exactly when they need more assets to help satisfactory childcare. The occupations ladies are generally ready to persuade will in general be of low status, and low paying. â€Å"Society has made it with the end goal that regardless of whether a lady needed to conflict with the standards and find a new line of work in the work power she would not get much of anywhere. Around 75 percent of the employments in the well paying callings are held by men and regardless of whether ladies can land equivalent positions as men they despite everything get paid extensively less.† (David Bender and Bruno Leone, 1989) In the expert world, ladies appear to be caught in the administrative field, with not many ever arriving at administrative positions, even and notwithstanding of their having sufficient capabilities. In 1950, ladies made 30 percent out of the workforce. More than 50 years after the fact, this number has expanded to 47 percent. However, today, ladies who work all day, all year acquire 76 pennies for each dollar men win. This is to some extent because of the restricted vocation alternatives of ladies contrasted with that of men, notwithstanding the standard uniqueness in pay. Numerous occupations are intended to the point, that their â€Å"qualifications† are obstacles to female candidates and favor guys. For instance, to be a fireman, you need to finish a quality assessment †and regardless of whether a lady passes, she may at present be denied get to in the event that she isn't of the necessary stature and weight. Along these lines, such employments will in general be male situated. Progressively in any case, ladies are being conceded them as old mentalities and standards change. Yet, this has lead to one more sick †working environment viciousness against ladies is on the expansion in such vocations. It appears that in customarily male commanded fields, for example, the military and the utilities, ladies procure less just to endure more. In 2001, 14,170 lost-time wounds or sicknesses coming about because of ambushes and savage follows up on ladies in the American working environment were accounted for, though men experienced 9,464. In spite of the fact that ladies make 47 percent out of the workforce, they endure 60 percent of these assaults. Around 36,500 assaults happen in the working environment every year, roughly 80 percent of which happen against ladies. In 2001, female fatalities in the American working environment because of ambushes and brutal acts numbered 30.8 percent. Men be that as it may, had just a 13.9 percent work environment casualty rate because of ambushes and rough acts. Without question, ladies are the ones who experience the ill effects of working environment viciousness. Obviously, ladies experience segregation in the realm of work. In spite of the fact that the possibilities for improving the current situation may appear to be depressing, there is trust. As expanding quantities of workingwomen and their supporters anteroom for change, those in power have begun tuning in. The sexual orientation divergence in pay is diminishing and ladies currently have a more prominent scope of profession openings. Progress has been moderate. Be that as it may, considering it requires the changing of standards built up from the beginning of society, the headway has been critical. While sexual orientation segregation may exist for a long while to come, it tends to be relied upon to diminish over the long haul.

Night World : Daughters of Darkness Chapter 1

Rowan, Kestrel, and Jade,† Mary-Lynnette said as she and Mark passed the old Victorian farmhouse. â€Å"Huh?† â€Å"Rowan. Furthermore, Kestrel. Furthermore, Jade. The names of thegirls who're moving in.† Mary-Lynnette tilted herhead toward the farmhouse-her hands were brimming with folding chair. â€Å"They're Mrs. Burdock's nieces. Don't you recollect that I disclosed to you they were coming to live with her?† â€Å"Vaguely,† Mark stated, correcting the heaviness of the telescope he was conveying as they walked up the manzanita-secured slope. He talked in a matter of seconds, which Mary-Lynnette knew implied he was feeling timid. â€Å"They're pretty names,† she said. â€Å"And they should be sweet young ladies, since Mrs. Burdock said so.† â€Å"Mrs. Burdock is crazy.† â€Å"She's simply unconventional. What's more, yesterday she told meher nieces are on the whole wonderful. That is to say, I'm certain she's biased and everything, except she was quite unequivocal. Every last one of them ravishing, every one a totally extraordinary type.† â€Å"So they ought to be going to California,† Mark saidin a nearly indiscernible mumble. â€Å"They ought to model for Vogue.Where do you need this thing?† he included as they arrived at the highest point of the slope. â€Å"Right here.† Mary-Lynnette put the grass chairdown. She scratched some earth away with her foot so the telescope would sit equally. At that point she said calmly, â€Å"You know, I thought perhaps we could go over yonder tomorrow and present ourselves-kind of welcome them, you know†¦.† â€Å"Will you cut itout?†Mark said succinctly. â€Å"I can compose my own life. In the event that I need to meet a young lady, I'll meet a young lady. I don't require help.† â€Å"Okay, alright. You needn't bother with assistance. Be cautious withthat focuser tube-â€Å" â€Å"And plus, what are we going to say?† Mark stated, on a move now. â€Å"‘Welcome to Briar Creek, where nothing ever occurs. Where there are a greater number of coyotes than individuals. Where in the event that you truly need some fervor you can ride into town and watch theSaturday night mouse hustling at the Gold Creek Bar†¦.'† â€Å"Okay. Okay.† Mary-Lynnette murmured. She-took a gander at her more youthful sibling, who exactly right now was enlightened by the last beams of dusk. To see him presently, you'd think he'd never been wiped out a day in hislife. His hair was as dull and gleaming as Mary Lynnette's, his eyes were as blue and clear and snapping. He had a similar sound tan as she did; thesame shine of shading in his cheeks. However, when he'd been a child, he'd been meager andscrawny and each breath had been a challenge.His asthma had been so terrible he'd went through a large portion of his second year in an oxygen tent, battling to remain alive. Mary-Lynnette, eighteen months more seasoned, had won dered consistently if her infant sibling could ever gotten back home. It had transformed him, being distant from everyone else in that tent whereeven their mom couldn't contact him. When hecame out he was bashful and tenacious clutching theirmother's arm constantly. Furthermore, for quite a long time he hadn'tbeen ready to go out for sports like different children. That was every one of the quite a while prior Mark was going to bea junior in secondary school this year-however he was as yet bashful. What's more, when he got protective, he bit individuals' heads off. Mary-Lynnette wished one of the new young ladies would be directly for him, coax him out a piece, give him certainty. Perhaps she could orchestrate it somehow†¦. â€Å"What are you thinking about?† Mark asked dubiously. Mary-Lynnette acknowledged he was gazing at her. â€Å"About how the seeing will be great tonight,† she said tastelessly. â€Å"August's the greatest month for starwatching; the air's so warm and still. Hey,there's the main star-you can make a wish.† She highlighted a splendid purpose of light over the southern skyline. It worked; Mark was diverted and looked, as well. Mary-Lynnette gazed at the rear of his dim head.If it would do any great, I'd wish for sentiment for you, she thought. I'd wish it for myself, as well yet what might be the point? There's no one around here to be sentimental with. None of the folks at schoolâ€except possibly JeremyLovett-comprehended why she was keen on as tronomy, or what she felt about the stars. Most ofthe time Mary-Lynnette couldn't have cared less yet sometimes she felt an ambiguous throb in her chest. An aching to †¦ share. On the off chance that she hadwished, it would have been for that, for somebody to impart the night to. Such is life. It didn't assist with harping on it. Furthermore, besides,although she would not like to tell Mark, what they were wishing on was the planet Jupiter, and not a star by any means. Imprint shook his head as he tramped down the way that injury through buckbrush and toxic substance hemlock. He ought to have apologized to Mary-Lynnette beforeleaving-he didn't care for being dreadful to her. Truth be told, she was the one individual he typically attempted to be fair to. Be that as it may, for what reason would she say she was continually attempting to fix him? To the point of wishing on stars. What's more, Mark hadn't generally made a desire, in any case. He'd thought, in the event that I was making a desire, which I'm not on the grounds that it's hokey and inept, it would be for some energy around here. Something wild, mark thought-and felt an innershiver as he climbed downhill in the social occasion haziness. Jade gazed at the consistent, splendid purpose of lightabove the southern skyline. It was a planet, she knew. Throughout the previous two evenings she'd seen it moving over the sky, joined by minuscule pinpricks of light that must be its moons. Where she originated from, no one was prone to wish on stars, yet this planet appeared to be a companion an explorer, much the same as her. As Jade watched it today, she felt a kind of convergence of expectation ascend inside her. Nearly awish. Jade needed to concede that they weren't starting off on an exceptionally encouraging foot. The night air was excessively peaceful; there wasn't the faintest sound of a vehicle coming. She wastired and stressed and starting to be incredibly, hungry. Jade went to take a gander at her sisters. â€Å"Well, where is she?† â€Å"I don't know,† Rowan said in her most persistently delicate voice. â€Å"Be patient.† â€Å"Well, perhaps we should check for her. â€Å"No,† Rowan said. â€Å"Absolutely not. Recall what we decided.† â€Å"She's most likely overlooked we were coming,† Kestrel said. â€Å"I revealed to you she was getting senile.† â€Å"Don't saythings like that. It's not polite,† Rowan stated, despite everything delicate, except through her teeth. Rowan was consistently delicate when she could manageit. She was nineteen, tall, thin, and masterful. She had cinnamon-earthy colored eyes and warm earthy colored hair that fell down her back in waves. Kestrel was seventeen and had hair the shade of old gold clearing once more from her face like a fowl's wings. Her eyes were golden and hawklike, and she was rarely delicate. Jade was the most youthful, simply turned sixteen, and she didn't look like both of her sisters. She had white-light hair that she utilized as a cover to hole up behind, and green eyes. Individuals said she looked peaceful, however she never felt quiet. Typically she was either frantically energized or frantically on edge and confounded. At the present time it was restless. She was stressed over her battered, 50 years old Morocco calfskin bag. She was unable to hear a thing from inside it. 00 â€Å"Hey, why not two go not far off a little way and check whether she's coming?† Her sisters glanced back at her. There were barely any things that Rowan and Kestrel conceded to, however Jade was one of them. She could see that they were going to collaborate against her. â€Å"Now what?† Kestrel stated, her teeth demonstrating just quickly. What's more, Rowan stated, â€Å"You're planning some mischief. What are you up to, Jade?† Jade streamlined her considerations and her face and just took a gander at them naively. She trusted. They gazed back for a couple of moments, at that point took a gander at one another, surrendering. â€Å"We will need to walk, you know,† Kestrel said to Rowan. â€Å"There are more awful things than walking,† Rowansaid. She pushed a wanderer wisp of chestnut-shaded hair off her temple and checked out the transport stationwhich comprised of a three-sided, glass-walled cubicle,and the fragmenting wooden seat. â€Å"I wish there was a telephone.† â€Å"Well, there isn't. What's more, it's twenty miles to BriarCreek,† Kestrel stated, brilliant eyes flickering with a sort of dreary pleasure. â€Å"We ought to presumably leave our sacks here.† Caution shivered through Jade. â€Å"No, no. I have allmyâ€all my garments in there. Please, twenty milesisn't so far.† With one hand she got her feline bearer it was natively constructed, just sheets and wiresand with the other she got the bag. She got a significant separation not far off before she heard the smash of rock behind her. They were following: Rowan murmuring persistently, Kestrel laughing delicately, her hair sparkling like old gold in the starlight. The one-path street was dull and abandoned. In any case, notentirely quiet there were many minuscule night sounds, all signifying one mind boggling, orchestrating night quietness. It would have been charming, then again, actually Jade's bag appeared to get heavier with everystep, and she was hungrier than she had ever beenbefore. She knew also it to Rowan, however it caused her to feel befuddled and powerless. Exactly when she was starting tothink she would need to put the bag down and rest, she heard another sound. It was a vehicle, digging out from a deficit them. The motor was uproarious to the point that it appeared to require some investment to draw near to them, however when it passed, Jade saw that itwas really going extremely quick. At that point there was a shaking of rock and the vehicle halted. It upheld up and Jade saw a kid glancing through the window at her. There was another kid in the front seat. Jade took a gander at them inquisitively. They were by all accounts about Rowan's age, and theywere both profoundly tanned. The one in the driver's seat had fair hair and looked as though he hadn't washed ina while. The other one had earthy colored hair. He was wear ing a vest with no shirt underneath. He had a toothpick in his mouth. The two of them glanced back at Jade, appearing to be similarly as inquisitive a

In Transit

In Transit I got on a bus this morning to go home for Thanksgiving, fully prepared to entrust my productivity to a flaky Wi-Fi connection. Once I got on the bus, I realized that everything I do work, blogs, grad school app essay drafts is on Google Drive. I am now drafting this in a .txt file hipster, I know. These past two months have been a blur. I actually hate saying that because this being my last year here, I desperately want to remember every moment. So I find myself reviewing my to-do list, à la a wonderful service called Teuxdeux (try it out: its designy, simple, and amazing). I write down everything i have to do each day (both work and fun) and when something is done, I only cross-out never delete. So whatever day I look back to, Id have an alibi. On October 16, I watched the second presidential debate. How do I make the most out of MIT before its over? This has been a constant priority this semester. Heres one answer I found: going to lectures by the super cool people who come here. In September, Junot Diaz   MIT professor, Pulitzer Prize and  MacArthur Genius Grant winner held a reading of his new book, This is How You Lose Her.   He said we cant live without art.   In October,  Masaaki Kanai (President of MUJI) and Hartmut Esslinger (Founder of Frog Design) gave a joint-lecture on What MUJI and Design Can Offer the World of the Future. They challenged us to think about the optimal, ideal inhabitant of the world and form a new economic model revolving around not money but our grandchildren.   In November, Fernando Garibay (Interscope Records executive and producer/friend to Lady Gaga) highlighted the ways technology has disrupted the music industry. He encouraged us to disrupt it some more but focusing on changing the perception of music so that songs can change lives again. Listening to these speakers over the past couple months has given me a lot to think about. Im certainly thankful for the opportunity to attend and pass on the message. Have a great Thanksgiving holiday everyone! Also, Ive arrived at  home! :D

Do We Really Need Prisons - 1599 Words

DO WE REALLY NEED PRISONS The simple meaning prison is a place for the confinement of persons in law detention, espicially people who are convicted of crimes according to The American Heritage of the English Language (2000). The history of prison almost as old as history itself. At first, prison were not used as a punishment but as a place where people who were sentenced to capital or corporal punishment were kept for a short period of time. But as the time passed, it turned into a legal punishment. Today, imprisonment is the harhest punishmet a criminal is given except for death penalty and there are over nine million people in prison today. In todays world, imprisonmet is the most common punishment that is given criminals. Therefore,†¦show more content†¦This research shows that rehabilition in prison or rather lacking of it is a serious problem. According to Why cant we reform our criminals? Renew America (2005), â€Å"70% percent of all criminals are re-arrested within three years of their release from prison. Infact, of the few programs that have shown any detectable positive effect on their participants, the best result was a mere 10% reduction in recidivism.† (para.3). It can be conculuded that the prison and the rehabiition systems of it are not useful. In addition to lack of rehabilition, prisoners have to face serious problems like abuse, bulliying, forced labors and so on. Therefore, they are not healing but getting worse. Another reason why prison system should be removed is that, the prison system is economically detrimental. The statistics shows that one year of one criminal in prison costs $22.000 in USA and the total cost of the prisons in USA is more than $32 billiona year (Fortunato, 2004, p.7). This affects every citizen in the society, because the taxes they pay are spent for people who harmed them. Currently, USA government spends more money for the prison system than the education system. If prisons are removed, the money s pent for them can be used for more useful tasks like education, health care, science and so on. ItShow MoreRelatedThe Prison System And The Prisons System Essay1258 Words   |  6 Pagesme realize how much prison affects someone. In the US the prison system is completely different than the prison system in Denmark. After watching Prison State, I didn’t really know what the pros were of our prison system. I saw more cons than pros. I was completely shocked by the way that Denmark runs their prison system. The video confused me a bit, so I did some research and found an article that I understood a little bit better about Denmark’s prison system. The US prison system is definitelyRead MorePrison Visit The Prairie Du Chien Correctional Facility874 Words   |  4 PagesPrison Visit Write Up Visiting the Prairie du Chien Correctional Facility was a truly eye opening experience. I could go on all day about the things that I saw, heard, and learned. Immediately following the experience, I called my mom to tell her all about it. She really doesn’t understand what is going on in the system, which is frustrating for me, so I talked to my Grandpa instead, as he seems to know a little more and be more open to new information and ideas. Prior to visiting the prison,Read MoreMy Social Issue : Unfair Trials1180 Words   |  5 Pagesof issues like wrongful sentences, unfair judicial systems, and the government being corrupt. I decided to do this topic because it one interests me and the second reason is because my best friend was wrongfully convicted and put in prison. I am always looking at cases like these kinds of things and looking at different perspectives on these cases. The problem about unfair trials is that we are putting good people away for a small mistake for a long time and rapists and murderers for a shorter periodRead MoreShould Teens And Kids Be A Crime?850 Words   |  4 Pages We live in a world where no matter we go we have constant access to media and what’s happening next door to us or even across the world. We hear constantly about what crime has been done or even when people have their court date. But, the debate about where teens and kids should go after they’ve committed a crime has many differences in opinions. Kids really are still kids even if they have committed an adult crime. Kids shouldn’t have to deal with violent adults, and have to deal with all the risksRead MoreWhat is Wrong with Out Penal System817 Words   |  3 Pagesgreater strength for future atrocities glorious and otherwise.† In the position that prison reform is not justified and shouldn’t be ruled in favor of, that I feel compelled to negate today’s resolution. Resolved: Prison reform is not justified. For clarification of today’s round, I offer the following counter definitions. To begin with, the word prison reform is defined as the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons, aiming at a more effective penal system. In addition to that, the term not justifiedRead MoreThe Incarceration Of The United States979 Words   |  4 PagesStates? Stevenson states that, â€Å"Today we have the highest rate of incarceration in the world. The prison population has increased from 300,000 people in the early 1970s to 2.3 million people today† (15). Is United States is a modern country that doesn’t serve justice to her citizen? 2.3 million of prisoners are just embarrassing the whole country. You might want to know how bad the justice system is and how the heck cause 2.3 million prisoners to be in prison. Our system is define by an error; whichRead MoreThe Importance of Prison Reform Essay954 Words   |  4 Pages In this world we live in many feel that prisons exist to punish, not counsel, offenders. That may be true that Prisons exist for punishment, but they also have an important contribution to make to reducing re-offending by engaging prisoners in rehabilitation programs and purposeful work. Society is flawed in its thinking that by putting criminals in a place away from society we would be better off. To make it worse I am sure that more that 60 percent of Americans are against social reformRead MorePersuasive Speech966 Words   |  4 Pages crime does pay because our nations prison system is not working properly. B. Most of you may know someone who is either a family member or a friend who has committed a crime and served jail time that has gotten out and committed the same crime. Not once but twice maybe even a third time. Now what does that tell us? C. Today I will address the prospect of prison aims to stop someone who would commit a crime and in the case of an offender serving a prison sentence, stop them from re-offendingRead MoreThe Incarceration Of The United States980 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States? Stevenson states that, â€Å"Today we have the highest rate of incarceration in the world. The prison population has increased from 300,000 people in the early 1970s to 2.3 million people today† (15). United States is a modern country that doesn’t serve justice to her citizen? 2.3 million prisoners are just embarrassing the whole country. You might want to know how bad the justice system is and how the heck cause 2.3 million prisoners to be in prison. Our system is defined by an error; whichRead MoreTheu.s. State Prison System965 Words   |  4 PagesThere are so many problem in the Unites State Prison system because of overcrowding. First I am going to talk about what cause the overcrowding in the Prison sy stem. After that I will talk what are the affect we are facing now days for overcrowding in the prison system. Than what should we do to stop prison to get overcrowding and how is going to help out society. Now we going to talk about the reason why our prison is overcrowding in the United State. According to (â€Å"What Causes Overcrowding,†

Customer Relationships. In The World Of Business, There

Customer Relationships In the world of business, there are two types of industries: goods and services. As identified by O?Sullivan and Sheffrin, the goods industry consists of companies that provide consumers with tangible products that are either considered necessity or luxury (2007). Such types of companies rely on advertisements to differentiate their product from those similar in the market, and must receive repeat purchases of their product from customers to ensure financial success (Libai, Muller, Peres, 2009). Meanwhile, service industries must establish a longstanding relationship with their customers to ensure a repurchase of the service (Berry, 1999 as cited in Libai et al, 2009). As time wears on and more service industries†¦show more content†¦Burgelman (2015) agrees, claiming ?happy customers tend to be loyal customers? (p. 34). Simply put, the better the experience a consumer has, the more likely he or she is to return to a company (Kumar et al., 2015). Customer Service To foster such excellent relationships with their customers, businesses must first have well-trained employees that engage with customers cheerfully on a regular basis. The first step is to establish quality leadership that can both guide and empower employees on how to interact with consumers without seeking out corporate for consistent guidance (Bhattacharjee, Moreno, Ortega, 2016; Chapman, 2015). While determining a vision for employees to follow may be easy, translating what was imagined in the boardroom into real life can pose some challenges for employers (Bhattacharjee et al., 2016). Not everyone?s customer service style is the same, as noted by Dixon, Ponomareff, Turner, Delisi in their ?global, cross-industry study of 1,440 frontline service representatives? (2017, p. 114). Seven types of personality types were defined in the study, but two were specifically highlighted: the Controller and the Empathizer. The former was ranked number one in dealing with customers in an efficient manner, with a fifteen percent proportion of all participants studied. Per the literature, Controllers ?are driven to deliver fast, easy service and are comfortable exerting their strong personalities in order to demonstrate their expertise? (p. 113),Show MoreRelatedHow Employees Can Work And Progress Relationships With Managers1669 Words   |  7 Pages For business, retaining clients are the main ambition because the profits of the business will continue to grow through the loyalty of customers. Communication skills are one of the essential parts of leading people to work successfully in the relationships with co-workers as well as clients in their commercial enterprises. Therefore, interacting with management, clients and team members in the workplace can help in order to enhance the interest of the business. Training staff to develop effectiveRead MoreIntel s Corporate Social Responsibility788 Words   |   4 PagesCustomers: Intel provides to its customers with information in regards to the business and supplying them with finished goods. Intel releases from 10-Q and 10-K to the general masses, displaying the reports of Intel’s income statement and balance sheet in comparison to its previous report, the risks the company faces, as well as other key information about Intel’s business activities. The 10-K report also discusses â€Å"a complete picture of the microprocessors, including measurement, operation and usage†Read MoreA Sense Of Urgency Of Customer Service Development899 Words   |  4 Pages A sense of urgency in customer service development Selling is an enormous feature of marketing and building oneself threw pure: determination, development, growth, and recreation. Although, giving customer service to one another, Bill Gates predicts in his Book Business @ the Speed of Thought† giving resourceful information about feeling, concerns, views and habits, this emphasis on the hardship value and function. Moreover, recognizing what edifice a relationship and originated a common interestRead MoreS-D Logic1742 Words   |  7 Pagesmore service-orientated one which focuses on â€Å"intangible resources, the co-creation of value and relationships† (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). Merz, He Vargo (2009) commented that goods were a â€Å"vehicle for service†, and whilst the provision of goods was still an important part of a transaction, there will always be some element of intangible service attached to each product, which develops relationships and delivers value to the consumer (Ballantyne Varey, 2008). Vargo and Lusch’s literature (2008)Read MoreSwot Nespresso1695 Words   |  7 PagesInternal and External Analyses Introduction of the model The methodogy used to analyse Nespresso Business Model is ‘Business Model Generation’ by Osterwater and Pigneur 2009. The methodology uses a model named Canvas, which divides the business model into 9 segments. The concept is simple, relevant, and understandable to analyse a company. This concept has been applied and tested around the world and is already used in organizations such as IBM, Ericsson and Deloitte. The nine basic buildingRead MoreNespresso Swot1683 Words   |  7 PagesInternal and External Analyses Introduction of the model The methodogy used to analyse Nespresso Business Model is ‘Business Model Generation’ by Osterwater and Pigneur 2009. The methodology uses a model named Canvas, which divides the business model into 9 segments. The concept is simple, relevant, and understandable to analyse a company. This concept has been applied and tested around the world and is already used in organizations such as IBM, Ericsson and Deloitte. The nine basic buildingRead MoreEssay about Customer Relationship Management687 Words   |  3 Pages As a Business Administration major I have learned there are several different components that make up a successful business, and it is important that everyone work together to achieve a common goal. The ultimate goal of most companies is to create a product or service that will gain a place in the market and stay there. Customer relationships are the most important factor for companies to consider when aiming toward success. What can companies do to improve customer relationships? ImprovingRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management : A M University Commerce1056 Words   |  5 Pages Customer Relationship Management Courtney Crouthers Texas AM University-Commerce Customer Relationship management is the strongest and the most efficient approach in maintaining and creating relationships with customers. It is an upright concept or strategy to solidify relations with customers and at the same time reducing cost and enhancing productivity and profitability in business. CRM is not only pure business but also ideate strong personal bonding within people. There are twoRead MoreCase Study : Customer Relationship Management1491 Words   |  6 Pagesthat in business the customer is always right. While in reality that may not always be the truth, but it does provide some level of groundwork for customer relationship management. With accurate and correct knowledge of customer relationship management, it can prove to be beneficial to a company of any size. This essay will explain some of the steps involved in customer relationship management, provide some examples of the tools that managers have at their disposal for customer relationship managementRead M oreAcademic Writing Peets Coffee and Tea1403 Words   |  6 PagesAlfred Peet was born and grew up in Holland, where his father had a coffee business (â€Å"International Directory†). After the Second World War, Peet moved to Indonesia where he worked and learned the tea trade (â€Å"International Directory†). When he came to America, he understood how poor was the coffee quality in America even though it was a rich country (â€Å"Alfred Peet†). Peet had a brilliant idea to start new gourmet coffee business and opened his first store in North Berkeley, California; therefore, he

Neriagi Nerikomi Free Essays

Neriage and Nerikomi are two ceramic techniques that have been used for many years by various ceramicists. Although the terms Neriage and Nerikomi are used interchangeably they are very different. Neriage is done on a potter’s wheel and means that the clay is being mixed and pulled up as it is thrown where as Nerikomi is done by hand and by pressing clay into a mold. We will write a custom essay sample on Neriagi Nerikomi or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both methods are done with colored clays which are usually earth tones such as grey, reds, blues, and beige. Neriage and Nerikomi both originated from Japan and other areas of Asia where they have been practiced for a period of time. Neriage means to pull up and mix. This is what creates the pattern of colors within the clay. Two different color clays are mixed together to try and imitate the look of agate; that is why is it also called agateware. Agate is a variety of quartz that comes in a variety of colors. Neriage was brought into America and Europe in the twentieth century by the Mingei. The founder of the Mingei was Yanagi Soetsu. Mingei means art of the people and was an art movement in Japan. The goal was to create basic art made by ordinary people that still had an artistic flair. Nerikomi means to mix and press into. Nerikomi is done by hand rather than on a wheel. The same concept of mixing is used in Nerikomi as in Neriage. It is made by mixing metal oxides and stains into the clay to give it it’s color. The clay is then shaped into logs and then molded into forms. Each form is molded to a uniform thickness and an identical pattern is created on each side of the form. Nerikomi began in the Tang Dynasty in the seventh century and has been practiced by the Europeans and Egyptians. This technique is very complex but is very down to earth in the making process. It is made by hand and is very traditional. Nerikomi is a very difficult process but the end result is beautiful. Various artists throughout time have used these techniques. Matsui Kosei has used both techniques. Matsui Kosei is considered a master of Neriage. He researched the ceramics of Japan, China, and Korea to become a scholar of his trade. He was born in 1927 which was the start of the folk art movement in Japan. Being born in this time probably influenced him greatly because its main goal was to support the belief that ordinary people can do extraordinary things. He has made many pieces such as bowls, vases, vessels, and various other things. Rich Alexander is another artist that has been introduced to Neriage. He is from Clinton, Washington and aspires to create rustic pieces with a modern feel. His work is simple pots and vases. He chooses to use browns and beiges because of his closeness to nature. His signature designs and glazes include wood ashes to give the piece a more natural texture and color. Another artist is Thivo. Her work consists of Nerikomi and other ceramics. She was originally born in Vietnam but moved to France for professional arts training. After this she moved to New York City. Her main designs are flowers and abstract colors. Her bowls and vessels are odd designs and contain an almost mesh like pattern on the edges. Her pieces are also very symbolistic of nature. Neriage and Nerikomi are both ceramic methods that originate from Japan and other areas of Asia. Although the techniques are often confused they are very different and started over a hundred years apart. Neriage is a much younger art form compared to the ancient Nerikomi. Both techniques are very complex and take much study to perfect. Many artists such as; Matsui Kosei, Rich Alexander, and Thivo have reached a greatness within these art forms and many will continue to practice these timeless methods. How to cite Neriagi Nerikomi, Essay examples

Home Burial By Frost Essay Example For Students

Home Burial By Frost Essay Robert Frosts Home Burial is a narrative poem that speaks of lifestragedies. Robert Frosts writing style is very straight-forward and direct. InHome Burial the setting appears to be the background of a tragedythat centers around the death of a child. It is important for the reader torecognize that Home Burial was pubished in 1914. That gives thereader a better insight to understand the husbands reaction to the death of thechild. During this time period Society dictated that men should not show theirtrue feelings. Therefore, men tended to have dealt with conflicts by workinghard and being domineering. Home Burial demonstrates how one tragedycan cause another to occur. There are three different tragedies that transpirethroughout this poem. The first tragedy is the burial of the child. The secondtragedy is the burial of the marriage. Finally, the most symbolic and ironictragedy is the burial of the home. Because of unfortunate circumstances thethree things closely associated with this home becomes buried. All of thesetragedies occurred as a result of the childs burial. This couples marriagecould not survive such an emotional loss. Therefore the marriage becomes buried.When the marriage became buried the home became its own burial spot for thisfamilys life. Home Burial tells a tale of tragedy in one familyslife. Robert Frost portrayed a very realistic chain reaction to tragedy inHome Burial

Analysing The Marketing Campaign Tourism Essays

Analysing The Marketing Campaign Tourism Essays Analysing The Marketing Campaign Tourism Essay Analysing The Marketing Campaign Tourism Essay Introduction In 2008, the metropolis of Liverpool, UK was selected to be the European Capital of Culture programme among 11 metropoliss of the UK. This was a particular event that was introduced from 2005 in Europe and each twelvemonth, one metropolis in Europe would be selected to stand for the civilizations of assorted states. The event was called Liverpool 2008 or Liverpool 08 . Such an event gives the host metropolis the chance to showcase its attractive forces and civilization, besides giving local concerns the chance to increase their gross revenues and develop their concern on a long term footing. While Liverpool 08 lasted for one twelvemonth, the impacts of the event can still be felt today, and concerns see increased gross revenues even now. The event brought the people together as a community and they all worked as a squad to do the event a success. It is estimated that the entire investing in Liverpool and the environing countries was in surplus of 4 billion GBP ( Liverpool 08, 2009 ) . The consequence was that 1000s of occupations were created ; over one billion people visited the metropolis from 60 states. A figure of cultural events were conducted throughout the twelvemonth and the general feeling was that the event was a expansive success. Effective selling, close teamwork, first-class public presentations, and a metropolis that has been celebrated as a finish selling mark helped the undertaking to be a success. However, before naming the event a success, it is of import to understand the steps used to estimate the success of the event. This thesis analyses the selling run of the event, and discusses if the run worked and succeeded in run intoing the aims. Background to the Thesis With the post-9/11 onslaughts and the outgrowth of low cost bearers or LCC, Destination Marketing Organisation or DMO has become progressively popular. DMO acts as a cardinal organic structure for an country or parts, and pulls in faraway travelers from other states. A reappraisal of literature shows that Liverpool 08 and its organising commission is a DMO and finish selling activity. Kotler ( 2002 ) has identified DMO as authorities or private administrations that cover all the activities and procedures to convey together clients or purchasers and Sellerss, and places a focal point on reacting to the demands of the clients and competitory placement. The activity is a set of uninterrupted and co-ordinated stairss that create consciousness of the finish and put up an efficient web for the finish. Finishs can be continents such as Antarctica, states, big and little metropoliss, specific parts or countries in a state, a little small town, touchable and intangible services, and natural offerings available in the topographic point. Brey ( 2007 ) posits that finish selling involves utilizing touristry as a agency to an terminal instead than an terminal in itself. Reichel ( 2007 ) has pointed out that DMOs trade with varied undertakings that can include bettering and driving that image of a finish to pull visitants, supplying varied duties for different categories of clients runing from the back pack traveler who would be comfy kiping in a collapsible shelter, to a well-heeled traveler who demands a lavish suite. He speaks of increasing the sum of installations and substructure for journey, housing, F A ; B, giving local occupants and installation proprietors more rationale and support, bettering the local environment, conveying in cultural activities, taking local barriers of civilization and linguistic communication, and doing finishs more beguiling, hospitable, and a place off from place. Zupanovic ( 2007 ) argues that the activities of DMOs are of a really ambitious field and are related to the stakeholder s attitude, the complexness of the finish, and many other factors. Porter ( 1998 ) has defined competitory advantage as a place that an administration has created or occupied with mention to rivals, and it allows the house to gain higher grosss. With mention to DMOs, certain characteristics of the merchandise such as historical and tourist attractive forces, and natural scenic beauty like beaches, mountains and so on attract and pull visitants. Kotler ( 2002 ) points out that while supplying tourers with an first-class means to do their stay enjoyable, the primary ground for the DMO is to guarantee that investors and stakeholders make net incomes, and that their fiscal wagess are attained. Merely after these aims are satisfied can the DMO activity be regarded as successful. Literature Review Liverpool 08 has been actively supported by the University of Liverpool and the University of Manchester, and the pupils and module of the universities have published a figure of really good written paperss about the event. These paperss would be used as mentions for the research. Garcia ( 2009 ) notes that the benefits of Liverpool 08 have extended beyond 2008 when the event was conducted. The entire income from the programme was about 130 million GBP and this is more than that of any other European Capital of Culture or ECoC plan. There was an extra 27.7 million people sing Liverpool, the North West part, and the Merseyside in 2008, and this was 35 % of all visits. About 2.9 million visitants from Europe and other states came to Liverpool. The tendency of visitants has extended to until beyond 2010 and during 2009, Liverpool besides saw a ample flow of visitants. It was estimated that by the terminal of 2008, Liverpool was regarded as the Centre for humanistic disciplines and cultu ral personal businesss. In 2008, there were more than 70,000 humanistic disciplines and cultural activities conducted. The event has delivered four major consequences and these are: advantages and benefits to multiple stakeholders, multiple impact of civilization ; regeneration of the interior metropolis countries and the dockyards, and the handiness of a research model that can be used by other metropoliss that want to retroflex the success ( Bond, 2008 ) . It is by and large claimed by the organizers that Liverpool 08 has obtained sufficient degrees of success. Benefits in Liverpool Dockyards The Liverpool Dockyard countries have seen a great transmutation during the Liverpool 08 event. The dockyard has many sites that are a portion of the Maritime Mercantile City UNESCO World Heritage Site and the history of the dockyards go back to the early tenth century. Of particular note are constructions such as the Albert Dockyard. This site was chosen to be the locale for the FETTU exhibition. Albert Dockyard sees a figure of visitants, and it has many of import and worthwhile attractive forces such as the Tate Liverpool gallery, the New Arena and Convention Centre, Kings Waterfront, Three Graces in the North country, Wapping Dock, Birkenhead in Merseyside, and other countries ( FETTU, June 2008 ) . One of the most outstanding constructions that were built for Liverpool 08 was the Arena and Convention Centre constructed at the Kings Waterfront dock country of Liverpool. This is a futuristic convention Centre with an country of 7600 square metres, and provides 10,000 seats and an auditorium of 1350 seats. In add-on, the Centre has hotels, multi-story auto parking, eating houses, and an first-class public plaza. Before the Liverpool 08 event, these ancient dockyards had fallen into neglect and decay with all the societal ailments of old dock countries. However, the cultural festival has succeeded in transforming the countries into a rich cultural and economic hub. The best portion is that the new constructions that have been constructed and the old 1s that have been repaired would go on to convey in more and more cultural activities through the old ages ( Wilkinson Eyre, 2008 ) . Suggested Methodology As per the study by ENRS ( June 2009 ) and Bond ( October 2008 ) , there are multimodal factors and subsectors to be considered in the methodological analysis for analyzing the impacts on touristry. The impact of touristry would be felt in subsectors such as transit, adjustment, attractive forces and visits to topographic points of involvements, mediators, and tourers such as twenty-four hours tourers and full clip tourers. Considerable work has been done by the University of Liverpool pupils to measure the impact created by the event. For this research, it is proposed that the secondary method should be used. The secondary method would include a reappraisal of published studies and literature about the festivals. The findings would subsequently be triangulated with the literature reappraisal of finish selling to supply the needed decisions. Undertaking Timeline It is estimated that the undertaking would take about six months from start to complete. What follows is the undertaking timeline. How the thesis is organised There would be a figure of chapters in the thesis, with each chapter devoted to a specific event. A brief overview of thesis construction is as given below: Chapter 2: Literature Review. This chapter would set about a thorough literature reappraisal of Liverpool 08 and how the cultural event has affected the dockyard country. The chapter would besides analyze theories and illustrations of finish selling administrations and how they advertise finishs. Chapter 3: Decisions and Recommendation. The chapter would sum up the findings from the literature reappraisal to find if Liverpool 08 was successful. Some recommendations would besides be made to convey out the best patterns.

Barnes Noble Nook Essays

Barnes Noble Nook Essays Barnes Noble Nook Essay Barnes Noble Nook Essay Marketing Strategy Strategic Situation Summary: Market Target(s) Description: Barnes Noble Nook 1. Market Segments Identified- Middle-Upper Class, educated, moderate- high income, heavy internet user 2. Primary Market- Business travelers Percent More Likely Than Average U. S. Adult to†¦. Have accessed the Internet outside the home via WiFi or wireless connection (in last 30 days): 199% Have household income of $100,000 or more annually: 87% Have accessed the Internet with a cell phone or other mobile device (in last 30 days): 154% Be a Heavy Internet User: 116% Have a Bachelor’s or Post-Graduate Degree: 111% Be between the ages of 35-54: 20% Be male: 16% 3. Secondary Market- Education- High School students, College Undergraduates 4. Market Characteristics a. Geographic- Suburban – travel to cities for work or school b. Demographic- The following is a survey conducted for Nook Owners’ age distribution from 111 Nook owners 7. 21% Nook Owners between 10 and 19   8 out of 111. 21. 62% Nook owners between 20-29 – 24  out of 111. 17. 11% of Nook owners between 30-39 – 19  out of 111. 22. 52% of Nook owners are between 40-49 – 25 out of 111. 18. 1% of Nook owners are between  50-59 – 20  out of 111. 11. 71% of Nook owners are between 60-69 – 13  out of 111. Just 1 nook owner between 70-79. Just 1 nook owner between 80-89. c. Psychographic- Personality: Values: Primary Motivation: Ideals: Self-expression: Resources: d. Behavioral- User-status: Usage-rate: Purchase-occasion: Benefits sought: Objectives for the Market Target(s): Marketing Program Positioning Strategy: A. Product Strategy a. New Products b. Product Improvements: Incremental I nnovation NOOKstudy i. It will allow the student instant downloads for academic ebooks. It will allow students to search for keywords in lecture notes, syllabuses and more. ii. Its a desktop app that will work on Macs and PCs. When installed, it provides students with access to a wide library of textbooks for less than standard books. iii. Furthermore, the app will enable students to highlight and take notes that are searchable and customizable, and provide students access to all of their materials – eTextbooks, lecture notes, syllabi, slides, images, and other course-related documents – all in one place. Their digital library will be able to go from home, to the library, and to the classroom. B. Distribution Strategy C. Price Strategy: a. Of the 181 million US consumers who are online, 14%, or 25 million consumers, say that eReaders priced at $199 or higher - the current price range for eReaders - are expensive, but they’d still consider them for purchase at that price point. What this means: The maximum addressable market for eReaders as they are currently priced is substantial, but to reach the largest market possible, the prices will need to come down. Still, they have phenomenal social and economic impact as they catalyze a new behavior of digital reading across multiple devices. We’re just at the beginning of this revolution. [pic] D. Promotion Strategy a. Advertising i. Banner ads inside books. The average U. S. adult reads four books a year; with a population of 250 million you get 1 billion books digested annually. At 200 pages per book, thats 200 billion potential ad impressions if just one ad was placed at the bottom of each page. Now, charge a $20 CPM for such premium placement and you have just unlocked a $4 billion advertising market. This concept can extend to college textbooks with coupons for partners, such as Starbucks Coffee. ii. Readers give advertisers more consumer attention because readers cannot easily surf away to other websites. Advertisers would win higher response rates because the ads are much more noticeable and could be contextually targeted to content and the users personal information disclosed by their book purchases. b. Publicity c. Internet d. Personal Selling e. Sales Promotion i. Visit any Barnes Noble store and show y our NOOK or mobile device to one of our booksellers, and receive a voucher for the FREE eBook. The voucher will require recipients to enter an online code to receive the free eBook. This will create more movement to the website and to promote other product offerings. E. Marketing Research F. Coordination with Other Business Functions [pic] Mediamark says there are approximately 2. 1 million US adults who own eReaders. Available this week, the new Nook WiFi device is priced at just US$149. The price on the existing Nook 3G, meanwhile, was slashed from $259 to $199, making it the first under-$200 dedicated e-reader with both free 3G wireless and WiFi, according to the company. Barnes Noble now offers all Nook users complimentary access to ATTs (NYSE: T) entire nationwide WiFi network. Its eBookstore now boasts more than one million e-books, periodicals and other digital content, the company said. Under-$200 is always a new product categorys sweet spot, and BN is probably selling the Nook at a slim margin or even a loss in order to gain market share and brand share in the digital book distribution world. Price, meanwhile, is a very important factor in that competition particularly the sub-$200 price point, which is psychologically very important for consumer adoption, she asserted. Any time you deflate the margin on a product by merely adjusting price, it has consequences to the bottom line, he explained. Another option to just dropping price would have been to add a coupon for up to $50 worth of content; this would have fulfilled the urge to drop price however would have kept topline revenue flat. Style: The Nook has a color menu, whereas the entire Kindle display is focused on black and white, he explained. The Nook is lighter. The Nook is now cheaper and the Nook is a little more aesthetically appealing. Potential Target Markets Specifically, individuals interested in a very focused reading experience are one; the education market is another, she pointed out. If device manufacturers and educational and professional publishers are successful at getting that constituency, we think e-readers will be able to hold their own against media tablets, Kevorkian said noting, however, that while theres great potential, it has yet to be realized. A total of 7. 6 million media tablets, including the iPad, will ship worldwide in 2010, growing to 46. 7 million units in 2014, IDC has forecast. The e-reader category, on the other hand including both connected e-readers and USB-enabled ones will ship 6. million worldwide this year, the company predicted, increasing to just over 9 million in 2012 before declining to 7. 9 million in 2014, Kevorkian noted. NOOK for Android-based smartphones and device s. The new application offers those with devices using Android OS 1. 6 and higher the ability to shop Barnes Nobles expansive eBookstore of more than one million eBooks The new Android app is also the first eReader software to feature Barnes Nobles new NOOK-centric branding, leveraging the strength of the companys NOOK brand across its entire eReading offering. The new eReader software branding aligns with the companys current NOOK offering NOOK 3G and NOOK Wi-Fi eBook Readers, and the recently announced NOOKstudy online study platform and software solution for higher education. NOOK for Android will soon be followed by an updated NOOK for iPhone, NOOK for iPad, and others in the coming months, the company noted. Barnes Noble is diving deeper into the education market with an expected August release of NOOKstudy which will run on Macs and PCs and not require a NOOK or any other mobile device. NOOKstudy will act as a hub for eTextbook, class notes, syllabi, scanned handouts, and even non-educational eBooks. It will allow students to take notes as well as highlight passages in eTextbooks. Users will also be able to tag items for easy retrieval using common terms like: for the final exam. It will provide full searches of anything, in the eTextbooks or your notes, and link into Google or Dictionary. com to look up terms. Multiple eTextbooks can be opened at the same time, or two pages from ifferent sources can be simultaneously displayed. The program is currently being piloted at Penn State, University of Nevada, Queensborough Community College, and the Rochester Institute of Technology. Barnes Noble’s ability to market the Nook through its bricks-and-mortar stores, along with the comparative newness of the device, were keys to that competitive edge. Under the terms of the Best Buy agreement, the Nook’s e-reader software will come pre-loaded on a number of PCs and smartphones sold through the retailer. Both Barnes Noble and Amazon have focused on porting e-reader applications onto a number of devices, including ostensible rival iPad, in a bid to increase the potential audience for their proprietary e-books. Barnes Noble announced a software update for its Nook e-reader, including a Web browser and Android-based games, on April 23. Another feature, â€Å"Read In Store,† allows Nook users to browse the retailer’s e-books for free at any Barnes Noble bookstore, with the entirety of each book accessible for an hour. NOOK Wi-Fi eBook Reader marries innovative technology and sleek minimalist design with Wi-Fi connectivity. This latest addition to the NOOK family gives customers the opportunity to take advantage of the proliferation of both in-home and public Wi-Fi hotspots, where they can browse the Web and shop the Barnes Noble eBookstore of more than one million eBooks, periodicals and other digital content. With its latest software update for all NOOK devices (now available at www. nook. com/update), Barnes Noble is offering all NOOK customers complimentary access to ATTs entire nationwide Wi-Fi network, including Barnes Noble bookstores which have previously been available to NOOK customers. As part of the NOOK eBook Reader family, NOOK Wi-Fi features Barnes Noble’s breakthrough LendMe technology, enabling customers to share eBooks with friends for up to 14 days. NOOK Wi-Fi also offers the same great in-store features like Read In Store to browse complete eBooks in Barnes Noble stores at no cost, and More In Store, offering free, exclusive content and special promotions. http://floridaresearchgroup. wordpress. com/2010/02/16/demographics-of-kindle-a

Marketing Strategy of Perfection Foods Assignment

Marketing Strategy of Perfection Foods - Assignment Example The aim of new marketing strategy is make sure that the company is able reach its desired goals. In the process of developing a new marketing strategy, the report will focus on different environmental, industrial and market analysis tool. The report will also highlight background of the company and give a brief overview of the bakery industry. The mission and vision statement of the company has been also underlined. Now in order to analyze the different factors tools such as PESTEL, SWOT, and PORTER’s FIVE Forces have been used. Finally the report will try to put up a marketing mix which will help the company to grab more market share and boost the sales volume. Background Perfection Foods Ltd came into existence in the year 2000. It was established by two brothers called Sukhdev Singh Bath and Balwinder Singh Bath. The company was started in a 4500 sq. ft. factory, from where the cakes and bakery products were supplied to the nearby retail units and locality shops. Due to the high quality of the cakes and bakery products, the company quickly became popular in the industry. As the business grew in size, the company started expansion plans. In order to establish itself nationally and internationally, the company started to supply its products to the direct wholesalers such as Morrison's, Makro, Bestways, Asda, etc. They have become one of most well-known bakery in UK. It has also won several awards for some of its quality offerings in the bakery product market. The company serves 40 different types of freshly baked handmade cakes to the customers of UK. There are two manufacturing sites in UK and the third factory serves for the export orders of the com pany. The company has two sides of its business function: manufacturing and selling cakes in UK and exporting in other parts of the world. The company has also received award for Best Development of international market in the year 2010. The company owns an excellent distribution channel. The logistics team of the company distributes the bakery products all over UK in the company owned vehicles. These vehicles are equipped with latest technology to keep the food items safe and fresh (Perfection Foods Limited, 2009). Market Overview Bread and bakery products form a very important part of the British diet. Cakes form a major part of the household snacks. On special occasions and with afternoon tea usually cake is served with tea. Apart from this, cake is a vital part of the festivities such as Christmas, Easter, Halloween or birthdays. The worth UK bakery industry is ?3.4 billion and it is the largest market in the food industry of the country. The total volume is about 4 billion unit s. This means that about ?11 million loaves and packs are sold in UK every day. There are three main sectors in the UK baking industry. The large baking companies produce 80 percent of the products. The in-store bakeries in the supermarkets produce about 17 percent of the products and the high street retail shops produce the rest of the products (The Federation of Bakers, 2012). It was estimated that about 5 to 10 percent of the bakery

Why did men like Joseph Plumb Martin join the army Essay

Why did men like Joseph Plumb Martin join the army - Essay Example Most of the recruits were young and army provided them with an opportunity to escape home and experience adventure of fighting against their enemy. But unfortunately, the reality was far from the rosy picture as envisaged by the new recruits. The common soldiers were faced with huge hardships where food had become scarce and proper clothing a distant dream. The long drawn battle of American army had severely affected the welfare of the soldiers. The new recruits were just sent to the front to fight with enemies without training. They were also not only deprived of adequate food and shelter during tough weather conditions but were also not paid their wages on time. Martin asserts that ‘I well know, for I have fought by their side’ (183). The delivery of supplies for food and other goods use to become difficult due to weather conditions which resulted in starvation and death. Most of the recruits went to fight without training because they felt that it was their moral duty to fight for their country. Hence, need for training was not important for the common soldier. The young recruits later became accustomed to the grim conditions of the war but were unable to do anything except accept the situation.

Financial Inclusion for Inclusive Growth in India

Financial Inclusion for Inclusive Growth in India Amartya Sen (2000) convincingly argued that poverty is not merely insufficient income, but rather the absence of wide range of capabilities, including security and ability to participate in economic and political systems. Franklin Roosevelt, the popular president of United States of America in 1932, referred to the American poor as the forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid. Today the term `bottom of the pyramid refers to the global poor most of whom live in the developing countries. These large numbers of poor are required to be provided with much needed financial assistance in order to sail them out of their conditions of poverty. Joseph.E.Stilglitz opines that, if economic growth is not shared throughout society then development has failed. Accordingly, there is felt a need for policy support in channeling the financial resources towards the economic upliftment of resource poor in any developing economy. This study is an attempt to comprehend and distinguish the significance of Financial Inclusion in the context of a developing country like India wherein a large population is deprived of the financial services which are very much essential for overall economic growth of a country. Our understandings and analysis on the topic are presented here below in the following sections. In Section-II, the importance of `Finance for economic growth has been established with adequate literature review. In section III, Inclusive Growth and its significance for achieving sustainable growth is discussed. Section-IV brings to fore the Financial Inclusion and its dimensions in detail. In Section-V, the importance of financial inclusion for achieving Inclusive Growth in India is detailed with a statistical analysis. Section-VI contains the Recommendations and the Conclusion is presented in Section-VII. II. FINANCE AND GROWTH The earlier theories of development concentrated on labor, capital, institutions etc as the factors for growth and development. The leading works hardly include finance as a factor for growth. Since then there has been numerous research analyzing how financial systems help in developing economies. A wide agreement exists among economists that financial development prompts economic growth. According to Rajan and Zingales (2003), development of the financial system contributes to economic growth. Empirical evidence time and again emphasizes the relationship between finance and growth. According to the works of King and Levine (1993a) and Levine and Zervos (1998), at the cross-country level, evidence indicates that various measures of financial development (including assets of the financial intermediaries, liquid liabilities of financial institutions, domestic credit to private sector, stock and bond market capitalisation) are robustly and positively related to economic growth. Other st udies also establish a positive relationship between financial development and growth at the industry level, like the one by Rajan and Zingales (1998). Since the groundbreaking contributions of King and Levine (1993a, b), economists have shown renewed interest in the finance-growth nexus. It is indeed irrefutable that considerable part of the differences in long run economic growth across countries can be elucidated by disparity in their financial development (King and Levine, 1993a; Levine and Zervos, 1998, Demirguc-Kunt and Maksimovic (1998) and Rajan and Zingales, 1998). Beck, Demirguc-Kunt, Laeven and Levine (2006) use Rajan and Zingales (1998) approach, which provides supplementary evidence that financial development increasingly props up the growth of smaller firms which constitute largely the priority sector lending in the case of Indian Financial sector. Recent survey evidence suggests that access to finance has a direct nexus with faster rates of innovation and firm dynamism consistent with the cross-country finding that finance promotes growth through increase in productivity (Ayyagari, M., Demirgà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡-Kunt, A. a nd Maksimovic, V, 2007, Levine, 1998, 1999). Further, it has also been revealed that financial development plays a significant role in moderating the impact of external shocks on the domestic economy (Beck, T., Lundberg, M. and Majnoni, G, 2006 and Raddatz, C, 2006). Besides debate concerning the role of finance in economic development, economists have also debated the relative importance of bank-based and market-based financial systems for a long time (Golsdmith, 1969; Boot and Thakor, 1997; Allen and Gale, 2000; Demirguc-Kunt and Levine, 2001). Joseph Schumpeter argued in 1911 that banks play a pivotal role in economic development. According to this view, the banking sector alters the path of economic progress by affecting the allocation of savings and not necessarily by altering the saving rate. Largely, the Schumpeterian view of finance and development highlights the impact of banks on productivity growth (Schumpeter, Joseph A, 1934). Banking sector can wield a positive influence on the overall economy, and hence is of broad macroeconomic importance (Bonin and Wachtel, 1999, Jaffe and Levonian, 2001, Rajan and Zingales, 1998). It is established that better developed banks and markets are closely associated with faster growth (Levine, Loazya a nd Beck, 2000; Loayza and Ranciere (2002); Christopoulos and Tsionas, 2004). Improved functioning of banks can be able to boost resource allocation and hasten growth (Boyd and Prescott 1986; Greenwood and Jovanovic 1990; King and Levine 1993a; Levine, R. and S. Zervous 1998). Correspondingly, by aiding risk management, improving the liquidity of assets available to savers, and by lowering trading costs; banks can enliven investment in potential economic activities (Obstfeld 1994; Bencivenga and Smith 1991; Greenwood and Smith 1997). Banks do exercise significant and causal impact on productivity growth, which feeds through to overall GDP growth. The long-run association between prioritised banking and both capital growth and private savings are more tenuous (Levine, Ross; Loayza, Norman; and Beck, Thorsten, 1999). It is also ascertained by some researchers that the size of the banking sector can be safely considered a good predictor for future growth, especially when focusing on lon g term projects (Andrea Vaona, 2005). The research so far has not only looked at how finance facilitates economic activity but also social aspects like poverty, hunger etc. The consensus is that finance promotes economic growth but the magnitude of impact differs. Financial inclusion is intended to connect people to banks with consequential benefits. Ensuring that the financial system plays its due role in promoting inclusive growth is one of the biggest challenges facing the emerging economies. We therefore advocate that financial development creates enabling conditions for growth through either a `supply-leading (financial development spurs growth) or a `demand-following (growth generates demand for financial products) channel. Access to safe, easy and affordable credit and other financial services by the poor and vulnerable groups, disadvantaged areas and lagging sectors is recognised as a pre-condition for accelerating growth and reducing income disparities and poverty. Access to a well-functioning financial system, by creating equal opportunities, enables economically and socially excluded people to integrate better into the economy and actively contribute to development and protects themselves against economic shocks. III. INCLUSIVE GROWTH Development economists and states have often been for a long time interested in the relationship between financial development and economic growth especially in the period which is known as the era of the Washington Consensus. A growing GDP is an evidence of a society getting its collective act together for progress. As its economy grows, a society becomes more strongly organised, more compactly interwoven. Growth is good, Sustained high growth is better and Sustained high growth with inclusiveness is best of all. Inclusive growth in the economy can only be achieved when all the weaker sections of the society including agriculture and small scale industries are nurtured and brought on par with other sections of the society in terms of economic development. The major development challenge is to make the growth inclusive. Policies for inclusive growth are vital components of majority of government strategies for sustainable growth. Commission on Growth and Development notes that inclus iveness-a concept that encompasses equity, equality of opportunity, and protection in market and employment transitions is an essential ingredient of any successful growth strategy (Commission on Growth and Development, 2008). Three pillars of inclusive growth are; (i) Maximise economic opportunities (ii) Ensure economic well being and (iii) Ensure equal opportunities to economic opportunities (Ifzal Ali, 2007). An inclusive growth strategy encompasses the key elements of an effective poverty reduction strategy and, more importantly, expands the development agenda. Developing inclusive financial systems which are financially and socially sustainable, as a poverty reduction strategy, should be given priority (Amit K. Bhandari, 2009). Levine, (1998), (1999) and Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Levine (2007) have noticed a positive effect of finance on poverty reduction. Economies with higher levels of financial development experience faster reduction of poverty. This has been explained by an extensive body of literature including Deininger and Squire (1998), Dollar and Kraay (2002), White and Anderson (2001), Ravallion (2001) and Bourguignon (2003). In an often cited cross-country study, Kraay (2004) proves that growth in average incomes explains 70 percent of the variation in poverty reduction (as measured by the headcount ratio) in the short run, and as much as 97 percent in the long run. Lopez and Servà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡n (2004) suggest that for a given inequality intensity, the poorer the country is, the more vital is the growth component in explaining poverty reduction. Thus, equitable growth is indeed an imperative for inclusive growth. IV. FINANCIAL INCLUSION Importance of financial inclusion arises from the problem of financial exclusion of nearly 3 billion people from the formal financial services across the world. The review of literature suggests that the most operational definitions are context-specific, originating from country-specific problems of financial exclusion and socio-economic conditions. Thus, the context-specific dimensions of financial exclusion assume importance from the public policy perspective. The operational definition of financial inclusion, based on the access to financial products or services, also underscores the role of financial institutions or service providers involved in the process. Furthermore, the operational definitions have also evolved from the underlying public policy concerns that many people, particularly those living on low income, cannot access mainstream financial products such as bank accounts and low cost loans, which, in turn, imposes real costs on them -often the most vulnerable people (H. M. Treasury, 2007). Thus, over the years, several definitions of financial inclusion/exclusion have evolved. In the Indian context, Rangarajan Committee on Financial Inclusion in India (2008)) defines it as: Financial inclusion may be defined as the process of ensuring access to financial services and timely and adequate credit where needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low income groups at an affordable cost. The financial services include the entire gamut savings, loans, insurance, credit, payments etc. The financial system has to provide its function of transferring resources from surplus to deficit units but both deficit and surplus units are those with low incomes, poor background etc. By providing these services, the aim is to help them come out of poverty. Measurement of Financial Inclusion is not universally the same. Different countries adopt different indicators to measure financial inclusion. Definitional Aspects of Financial Inclusion / Exclusion and their indicators as recommended by United Nations, World Bank, Committee on Financial Inclusion in India (Chairman: C. Rangarajan), Asian Development Bank [ADB] and Treasury Committee, House of Commons, UK are presented in Table-1 in Annexure-1. Global Experiences In the developed countries, the formal financial sector serves most of the population, whereas in developing countries, a large segment of the society, mainly the low-income group, has modest access to financial services, either formally or informally. Consequently, many of them have to necessarily depend either on their own sources or informal sources of finance, which are generally at high cost. According to Peachy and Roe (2004) developed countries have experienced good levels of inclusion (99 per cent in Denmark, 96 per cent in France, 96 per cent in Germany and 91 per cent in the USA) have bank accounts. However, it is reported that (ADB, 2007), in the developing countries, formal financial sectors serve relatively a small segment, often not more than 20-30 per cent of the population, the vast majority of who are low income households in rural areas Recent data (Table-2 in Annexure-2) shows that countries with large proportion of population excluded from the formal financial system also show higher poverty ratios and higher inequality. Further, it is observed that, often countries with low levels of income inequality have a propensity to have lower levels of financial exclusion, whereas high levels of exclusion are associated with the least equal ones. According to Kempson (2006), for example, While in the case of Sweden, lower than two per cent of adults did not have an account in 2000 in Germany, it was around three per cent. In comparison, less than four per cent of adults in Canada and five per cent in Belgium, lacked a bank account (Buckland et al, 2005). Countries with high levels of inequality record higher levels of banking exclusion. To illustrate, in Portugal, about 17 per cent of the adult population had no account of any kind in 2000 (Kempson, 2006). Policy Response to Financial Exclusion Country Experiences The policy responses to such exclusion have been varied. Two major kinds of policy responses have been implemented by central banks in response to financial exclusion: codes of practice and specific legislation. Table-3 (Annexure-3) presents the financial inclusion initiatives in different countries. Table-4 (Annexure-4) illustrates the extent of financial inclusion in some select countries. Initiatives for financial inclusion in India The broad strategy for financial inclusion in India in recent years comprises the following elements: (i) encouraging penetration into unbanked and backward areas and encouraging agents and intermediaries such as NGOs, MFIs, CSOs and business correspondents (BCs); (ii) focussing on a decentralised strategy by using existing arrangements such as State Level Bankers Committee (SLBC) and district consultative committee (DCC) and strengthening local institutions such as co-operatives and RRBs; (iii) using technology for furthering financial inclusion; (iv) advising banks to open a basic banking `no frills account; (vi) emphasis on financial literacy and credit counselling; and (vii) creating synergies between the formal and informal segments (Thorat, 2008). V. FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN INDIA The importance of this study lies in the fact that India being a socialist, democratic republic, it is imperative on the policies of the government to ensure equitable growth of all sections of the economy. With only 34% of population engaged in formal banking, India has, 135 million financially excluded households, the second highest number after China. Further, the real rate of financial inclusion in India is also very low and about 40% of the bank account holders use their accounts not even once a month. It is universally opined that the resource poor need financial assistance at reasonable costs and that too with uninterrupted pace. However, the economic liberalization policies have always tempted the financial institutions to look for more and more greener pastures of business ignoring the weaker sections of the society. Some of the features of financial exclusion in India are captured in Figure-1 (Annexure-12). It is essential for any economy to aim at inclusive growth involving each and every citizen in the economic development progression. It is in this context that a study has to be made to understand the importance of priority sector lending in ensuring the inclusive growth in the Indian context. Select macro-economic and financial indicators of Indian economy are presented here below in Table-5 (Annexure-5). Analysis Based on the well accepted approaches for evaluation of the coverage of financial inclusion and to assess its impact on inclusive growth the study endeavors to analyse the following: Spatial Distribution of banking Services Regional Distribution of Banking Services Impact of Financial Inclusion on Inclusive Growth 1. Spatial Distribution of banking Services In order to analyse the spatial distribution of banking services in the country, data for the periods 1991 and 2005 has been verified. Further, bank offices in the country have been classified into Rural and Urban areas. This has been considered in order to get a clear understanding about how the spread of formal banking services has been affected in different parts of the country. The total number of saving accounts, considered to be a better indicator of banking penetration than other deposit accounts, as per cent of number of households, was 137 in rural areas and 244 in the urban areas on the eve of reforms in 1991. By 2005, despite the reforms, the differential continues to be similar. In the case of credit accounts, the situation have deteriorated for rural households while showing significant improvement in the urban areas (Table-6 in Annexure-6), corroborating the very significant increase in retail credit. 2. Regional Distribution of Banking Services An effort has been made to analyse the extent of financial inclusion in different regions of the country such as Northern, North-Eastern, Eastern, Central, Western and Southern regions apart from All India level. A purposeful analysis is made by comparing the data for the period from 1991 to 2005. Further, this data has been further split into rural and urban areas in the country in order to get an exact view about the distribution services in these areas. Further, the analysis is made in terms of population coverage per bank office, Number of Savings accounts per population of one hundred and Number of Credit (loan) accounts per population of one hundred. Table-7 (in Annexure-7) captures the data related to Financial Inclusion, Poverty levels, Population density and Literacy. Table-8 (in Annexure-8) presents the data related to Bank Branches, Workers, Population of Scheduled Castes and Percentage of Households with bank accounts in India. This data is largely sourced from the websit e of Census India and Reserve Bank of India publications. In terms of financial broadening, the scope for improvement remains. Table-9 (in Annexure-9) illustrates the level of financial inclusion in India with region wise statistics. It is discernible that Southern and Northern regions have population coverage below the national averages. All the other regions in the country have coverage well above the national average calling for urgent improvement in the population coverage of the population. Again in terms of rural and urban areas there has been a distinct progress in the coverage of the population by the bank branch offices. Table-9 provides further clarity by providing a break-up of the deposit accounts. Both the deposit and credit accounts are lower in rural households than urban households. Hence despite the rural-push, the rural population has not come forward and avail even basic banking services Impact of Financial Inclusion on Inclusive Growth In order to involve a comprehensive measure of financial inclusion in the Indian context, we consider Priority Sector Lending as a measure of financial inclusion. We are of the opinion that, mere opening of bank account would not be a true indicator of financial inclusion, but availment of financial services, more importantly; the much needed credit for the excluded sections of the society would definitely depict the measure of financial inclusion. Further, this measure would meet the requirements of the definition for measurement of Financial Inclusion provided by United Nations, wherein it is said that the indicator should measure the Access to credit, insurance, savings and payment services. Priority Sector Lending as an indicator in our study addresses all the above aspects. In view of this an attempt has been made to establish the relationship of priority sector lending (as a measure of financial inclusion) with the indicators of inclusive growth such as rural poverty. Rural pov erty is considered to portray inclusive growth as more than 70 percent of India lives in rural areas. The required data for the analysis is obtained largely from the most reliable and official sources such as Reserve Bank of India website, NABARD website, India Development Report 2008 and other related sources. Economic Reforms in Indian economy were initiated in the year 1991-92. As such, to cover equal number of years of priority sector lending and inclusive growth during pre and post-Liberalisation period, data for the period from 1974-75 to 2007-08 has been analysed for understanding the trends. For the purpose of analysis the most popular statistical measure Multiple Regression (OLS) Analysis is used (Andrea Vaona, 2005, Andrea Vaona and Roberto Patuelli, 2008 have also used the same kind of analysis for similar studies). The objective of this section of the paper is to recognize the determinants of Inclusive Growth which can be captured in Rural Poverty (RU_POV) (measured in percentage against that of the total population in rural areas and these figures are provided by the Census of India data) in India and ascertain the impact of Priority Sector Lending (PSL) on rural poverty in India. Priority Sector Lending in the Indian context refers to the bank credit under the directed lending towards the private firms and individuals which is an important parameter that determines the measure of development that can significantly contribute to inclusive growth (Andrea Vaona, 2005). Domestic Savings (SAV) (measured in Rupees in Crores) is included as a determinant in order to account for the argument that savings propels economic activity in the system at large and helps in inclusive growth process (Beck, Levine and Loayza 2000). Rural Employment is one of the significant measures of economic development and consequently of inclusive growth. A greater level of rural employment can be taken as evidence of greater economic development (Cole Shawn, 2007). In recognition of this argument, Employment in Rural Primary sector (EMP_RP) (expressed in million numbers) is included as one of determinants to study their impact on inclusive growth. Agricultural Production is another important determinant that affects the inclusive growth process in rural India. As a large population of weaker sections of the society still depends to a large extent on agriculture, Agricultural Production (AGRI_PRO) (expressed in Kilograms/hectare) determines their upward movement in the income ladder (Andrea Vaona, 2005 also considered production as an important variable in a similar study). Accordingly, agricultural production is also considered as a determinant in the analysis. There is also an indisputable argument that overall credit has profound impact on inclusive growth process (Andrea Vaona, 2005). In view of this, Credit to Gross Domestic Product (CRED_GDP) (measured as a ratio in percentage to GDP) is included as a determinant. If there is an increase in Per Capita Income (PCI) (measured as per capita NNP at factor cost expressed in Crores in Rupees) there certainly will be an increase in inclusive growth process. As such, Per Capita Income (as used as a determinant in a similar analysis by Andrea Vaona and Roberto Patuelli, 2008, Srinivasan 1994, Streeten 1994, and Sugden 1993) is commonly accepted measure of standard of living of people and consequently is a major factor that enhances inclusive growth and hence it is included in the analysis. The regression model can be; Y = à   + à ¡1X1 + .. + à ¡nXn + à ¦ -> Accordingly, Rural Poverty can be better explained and estimated with the following version of equation; RU_POV = f (PSL, SAV, EMP_RP, AGRI_PRO, CRED_GDP, PCI) + à ¦ > In order to control for other factors associated with economic growth not linked to financial development, the regression results are presented by using a simple conditioning information set, including the constant, the logarithm of all explanatory variables. Due to potential nonlinearities, the natural logarithms of the regressors are considered (Levine, Loazya and Beck, 2000). Accordingly, when we log-transform this model (also called a log-log, double-log) we obtain: Log (RU_POV) = à   + log (PSL, SAV, EMP_RP, AGRI_PRO, CRED_GDP, PCI) + à ¦ > `à   represents the `Y intercept, à ¡1,?n represent the respective regression coefficients for explanatory variables X1 .. Xn and `à ¦ represents the error term. Where, `Y represents the `RU_POV , i.e, Rural Poverty and `X1, `X2 , ., `X14 represent the predictor variables and `à ¡1 , `à ¡2, .., `à ¡n represent the partial regression coefficients of `PSL i.e, `Priority Sector Lending, `SAV-Savings, `EMP_RP-Employment in Rural Primary sector, `AGRI_PRO-Agricultural production, `CRED_GDP-Credit to Gross Domestic Product and `PCI-Per Capita Income respectively. `à ¦ represents the `error term. The results of analysis are presented in Table-10 (Annexure-10) for the period from the year 1977 to 2007. Inferring from the results of this analysis, it can be concluded that Priority sector lending has significant impact on rural poverty. Graphical presentation of the trend of priority sector lending in the pre liberalisation period from 1974-75 to 1990-91 and post liberalisation period from 1991-92 to 2006-07 is illustrated in Figure-2 (Annexure-13). It is clearly evident from the figure that priority sector lending has taken a gradually upward moving curve indicating a steady rise in the post liberalisation era. Further, the Nature and strength of the impact of the various determinants on Inclusive growth are captured in Table-11 (Annexure-11). A graphical presentation of the trend of the inclusive growth in India is presented in Figure-3 (Annexure-14). It is orchestrated by the rhythmic forward movement trends of the above discussed determinants during the study period. Rural Poverty is on a declining trend more pronouncedly during the post liberalisation period. Findings of the Study The study found that Priority Sector Lending has a very high significant impact on inclusive growth, which is in line with the findings of Kraay (2004) and Beck, et all (2007). Domestic Savings (in line with the conclusions of Levine, Ross; Loayza, Norman; and Beck, Thorsten, 1999), Credit to Gross Domestic Product (as established by Ayyagari, M., Demirgà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡-Kunt, A. and Maksimovic, V, 2007, Narasimham, 2002, Obstfeld 1994; Bencivenga and Smith 1991; Greenwood and Smith 1997) and Per Capita Income (as stated by Levine, 1998, 1999) are found to have significant impact on reducing rural poverty in India. The model developed in the study explains the trend of rural poverty (Lopez and Servà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡n, 2004) to the extent of 93.5 percent involving the important determinants such as Priority Sector Lending (Rajan and Zingales 1998), Savings, Employment in Rural Primary sector, Agricultural Production (Andrea Vaona, 2005), Credit to Gross Domestic Product (Andrea Vaona, 2005 ) and Per Capita Income (Andrea Vaona and Roberto Patuelli, 2008, Srinivasan 1994, Streeten 1994 and Sugden 1993). Further, it is also demonstrated (Figure-2) that financial sector reforms have indeed had a positive impact on reduction of rural poverty. VI. RECOMMENDATIONS AND POLICY CHOICES Based on the outcome of the above analysis, we present here below our recommendations. Strategize the Provision of Bank Credit Need is felt to strategize the provision of bank credit to the rural farmer households. Majority of the marginal farmer households are not at all covered by the formal finance. As such public sector banks and the co-operative banks in the rural areas have to sensitize about the need for provision of timely and cheaper credit to these segments. Reserve Bank of India in consultation with NABARD should come out with a comprehensive strategy for revitalizing the quiescent rural credit mechanism. Cover the Poor It is imminent to encompass the tenant farmers, oral lessees and share croppers, marginal farmers with small un-economical land holdings, agricultural laborers, rural artisans and people involved in making handicrafts and also majority of weavers in handloom Sector. Extensive use of Co-operatives The large number of PACS and primary cooperatives under the parallel Acts located in rural areas are not functioning effectively. Many of these cooperatives are in districts where the DCCBs are defunct or moribund. Such PACS could provide valuable services to their members if they get access to a commercial bank. In view of these there is a need to revitalize these cooperatives as per the Vaidyanathan Committee recommendations and use them extensively for financial inclusion in the rural areas. Undoubtedly a Greater Role for NABARD NABARD ha to play a pro-active role by partnering with the rural credit institutions in the field and identify new initiatives that will contribute to effectively improving the extent of financial inclusion involving SHGs, MFIs, etc. Procedural / Documentation Changes It is inevitable on the part of the regulators to find out an easy way of procuring the documents for opening of bank accounts and availing loans. The present guidelines are more tedious and result in huge costs for the poor in accessing the banks for any kind of services. Exemption from Stamp Duty for Loans to Small and Marginal Farmers, Simplifying Mortgage Requirements, Saral Documentation for Agricultural Loans. Proactive Role of Government State Governments should asked by the Centre to play a pro-active role in facilitating Financial Inclusion. Issuing official identity documents for opening accounts , creating awareness and involving district and block level functionaries in the entire process, meeting cost of cards and other devices for pilots, undertaking financial literacy drives are some of the ways in which the State and district administration have involved themselves. A role for Rural Post Offices Post Offices in rural areas can be asked to provide their services in accelerating the financial inclusion activity. In view of the postmans intimate knowledge of the local population and the enormous trust reposed in him post offices can be good use in the process of financial inclusion Effective use of Information Technology Solutions Financial Inclusion initiatives. Adequate Publicity for the Project of Financial Inclusion In a huge country like India, there needs to be huge publicity for popularizing the concept and its benefits to the common man. In this direction, a comprehensive approach has to be developed involving all the concerned at all levels to impress upon the need for financial inclusion for accelerating th

Political Party Essay

1. Political Party: group of individuals who seek to control government through winning elections. 2. Plurality: the largest number of votes cast for the office 3. Incumbent: current officeholder 4. Splinter Parties: those individuals who have split away from one of the major parties 5. Major Parties: American Politics, Republican and Democratic parties 6. Bipartisan: two major parties find common ground, in this endeavor. 7. Electorate: the people eligible to vote. 8. Precinct: smallest unit of election administration; the voters in each precinct report to one polling area. 9. Partisanship: secure commitment to a political party is the source for government action. 10. Pluralistic Society: contains of several diverse cultures and groups. 11. Ideological Parties: those based on particular sets of beliefs. 12. Two-Party System: in an election, only Republican or Democratic Party’s candidates have a realistic chance of winning public office. 13. Consensus: a general agreement among various groups- on fundamental matters. 14. Single-issue parties: concentrate on only one public-policy matter. Questions 15. What is the major function of a political party? – Political parties serve four essential functions; and in serving these functions, the parties allow the United States to more closely approach the ideal of democracy. The first and most important function of an American party is to organize elections by nominating candidates and seeking office. 17. Briefly explain two ways in which American Government is government by party? – One reason for the two party systems is that the Electoral College is winner-takes-all, preventing 3rd parties from gaining power. Another one is to ensure the voters that they can take action towards the government through their selected party. 20. How is the ideological consensus of the American electorate reflected in the membership of the major parties? – Since the beginning of the USA there has been a general consensus on many of the major issues. This is not to say that Americans have always agreed on every matter. The nation has been deeply divided for many years at a time. 21. (a) Which political party was the first to appear in the new United States? (b) Who was its leader and what type of government did it favor? -Hamilton and other leaders who wanted a strong central government banded together to put over their policies. In 1787 they began calling themselves the Federalists. This was the first United States political party. 24. What unusual feature characterizes the present era of political party dominance? – The Democratic Party hired organizers chosen by the state parties in every state, so democrats could win the elections. 25. Briefly describe the four types of minor parties. – The four types of minor parties consist of the ideological parties, the single-issue parties, the economic protest parties and the splinter parties. 26. Historically, what have been the most important roles of minor parties? Briefly explain one of these roles. -To give more freedom of expression and to make sure that there is not one party stronger than another. The Election of 1912 Roosevelt created The Progressive Party a.k.a. the Bull Moose Party. 27. Why is the party in power more cohesive than the opposition party? -Republicans all believe the exact same thing word for word, making them far more cohesive, and brainwashed, then the democrats who have their own individual opinions and beliefs. 29. List and explain four factors that have contributed to the present weakened state of the major parties. – A sharp drop in the number of voters willing to identify themselves as republicans or democrats, and a growing number who regard themselves as independents. – A big increase in split ticket voting-voting for candidates of different parties for different offices at the same election. – Various structural changes and reforms that have made the parties more â€Å"open,† but have also led to greater internal conflict and disorganization. These changes range from the introduction of the direct primary in the early 1900s to the more recent and far-reaching changes in campaign finance laws. – Changes in the technology of campaigning for office-especially the heavy use of television and of the Internet, professional campaign managers, and direct-mail advertising Ch.7 15. Nomination: the naming of those who will seek office 16. Closed Primary: party nominating where declared party members can vote 17. Precinct: a voting district 18. Soft Money: used for party building activities given by the local state. 19. General Election: regularly scheduled elections at which voters make the selection of officeholders 20. Open Primary: any qualified voter can take part in this nomination 21. Ballot: a device were voter registers a choice in a election 22. Hard Money: campaign money that is subject to regulation by the FEC 23. Caucus: is a group of like-minded people who meet to select the candidates they will support in an upcoming election. 24. Absentee Voting: voting by those unable to attend the polling place 25. Political Action Committee: political groups which have a major take on public policy 26. Direct Primary: is an intra-party election 27. Coattail Effect: when a strong candidate helps other candidates in the election by parties ticket. 28. Subsidy: grant of money from the government Questions 12. What are the five broad categories that describe the way most nominations are made? – Self-announcement – Caucus – Convention – Direct primary – Petition 15. Explain the arguments for and against the closed primary. -The arguments for a closed primary believe that the votes will be fairer and against the closed primary believe it violates the Constitution, which I personally believe it does. 16. What is the overall purpose and importance of election law in the American political process? -The overall purpose is that all people have an equal chance to participate in the political process equally. 20. Describe recent technological advances and changes that make it easier for Americans to vote. – Major technological advancements that have affected musical performances include the Compact Disc, the television, and most of  all, the radio. 21. Briefly describe the role and importance of money in the election process. -Financial donations to a candidate’s campaign allow the campaign to purchase advertising, signs, and to travel for campaigning. 22. (a) Identify five types of private donors to political campaigns. (b) Why might these individuals and groups wish to contribute money to political candidates? -Donors to political campaigns are PACs, 527’s, parties, interest groups, and private citizens. ACs work by raising money from people employed by a corporation or in a trade union. These are called â€Å"connected PACs† and they rarely ask for donations from the general public although legally they are free to do so. 23. Outline the limitation placed on individual and PAC contributions to the federal candidate and political parties. -No person can give more than $2,100 to any federal candidate in a primary election, and no more than $2,100 to and federal candidate’s general election campaign. Also, no person can give more than $5,000 in any year to a political action committee, or %26,700 to a national party committee. The total of any person’s contributions to federal candidates and committees now must be limited to no more than $101,400 in an election cycle. 24. (a) How does a candidate for President qualify for public funding? (b) What rules must candidates follow if they accept public funds? – To qualify for public funding, Presidential candidates and party convention committees must first meet various eligibility requirements, such as agreeing to limit campaign spending to a specified amount 25. Identify and explain the three major loopholes in today’s federal election-money statues. -Campaign finance loopholes include â€Å"soft money† contributions to parties by unions and corporations, independent expenditure is spending by someone outside a campaign that is not coordinated with the campaign and volunteer activity. Ch. 8 29. Public Affairs: politics, public issues, and making of public policies 30. Public Opinion Poll: devices that attempt to collect information by asking questions 31. Sound Bite: snappy reports that can be aired in 30 or 45 seconds or so 32. Public Opinion: those attitudes help by a significant number of people on matters of government 33. Sample: a representative slice of the total universe 34. Mass Media: communication that reaches large widely spread audiences simultaneously 35. Random Sample: probability slice of the total universe 36. Interest Group: private organizations whose members share certain views and work to shape public policy 37. Quota Sample: sample deliberately constructed to reflect several of the major characteristics of a given universe Questions 11. Why is it incorrect to say that public opinion represents the single, undivided view of the American people? – Public opinion is a complex collection of the opinions of many different people. It is the sum of all of their views. It is not the single and undivided view of some mass mind. 12. Why are the influences of education and family so powerful in development of political attitudes? – The influence of education and family is so powerful because these are our most basic and strong concerns in this type of society. 13. Besides education and family, what other forces help influence public opinion in American society? – There are many other forces, including mass media†¦ especially internet and cable T.V. They have a great influence currently. I find that particularly interesting that these influences have co-opted some more traditional elements of the culture, especially books, newspapers, and face-to-face interactions within primary groups. 14. Name at least three ways in which public opinion can be expressed. -Radio, newspaper, television 17. What is the most reliable means of measuring public opinion? – The Sample Survey is regarded as the best way to measure public opinion today, although it has its faults and detractors. Most people today use the internet to give their opinion so no one can really measure the exact number. 20. What factors can make a public opinion poll less than completely accurate? – Polls get less accurate if there are lots of possible answers to a question instead of a simple yes/no. A good example of this is asking people which one of the dozen or so presidential candidates in each party they support. The error margin will be a higher for this question than for the Bush question above. 21. (a) What are the four major sources of political information in the United States? (b) List at least one advantage of each source. -Television: broadcasts nation-wide to the American people -Newspaper: generally carry political news, and news of independence -Radio: exposed the American people to national and international politics as never before. -Magazines: generally devoted to literature and the social graces 23. Explain the impact of the mass media on the public agenda. – The mass media can impact public agenda by selectively reporting news and covering only one side of a story. 24. What is the impact of the mass media on electoral politics? -Most of the media wish to get rid of the Electoral College due to the idea that we no longer need someone else to vote for us. Thus, deciding the president of the United States. 25. What factors limit the impact of the mass media on American politics? -Language may be seen as a political factor in mass media, particularly in instances where a society is characterized by a large number of languages spoken by its populace. The choice of language of mass media may represent a bias towards the group most likely to speak that language, and can limit the public participation by those who do not speak the language. Ch. 9 38. Public Policy: goals for the government and pursues at it attempts to realize these goals 39. Propaganda: a technique of persuasion aimed at influencing individual or group behaviors 40. Trade Association: segments of the business community also have their own interest groups 41. Lobbying: usually defined as those activities by which group pressures are brought to bear on legislators 42. Labor Union: an organization of workers who share the same type of job or who work in the industry 43. Public-Interest group: a group that seeks to institute certain public policies Questions 12. Why are interest groups sometimes called â€Å"pressure groups† or â€Å"special interests†? – Generally, because they represent a specific segment of the overall population. Not everyone is handicapped, so an interest group representing them would be a â€Å"special† interest group because bills/policies affecting them would not affect the general population 16. How do interest groups add an element to the checks-and-balances feature of the political process? – They keep close tabs on the work of various public agencies and  officials and thus help to make sure that they perform their tasks in responsible and effective ways. 18. Into what category do most interest groups fall? – Interest groups use advocacy and lobbying to influence public policy without seeking election to office. This puts them under the category of lobbyist. 19. What is the difference between private and public –interest groups? -Public interest groups are those whose membership and, in some cases, investments are open to the general public. Private are essentially clubs with closed memberships and whose transactions are shielded from both public and government scrutiny. 20. (a) On what kinds of issues do labor groups generally agree? (b) On what kinds of issues might labor interests have different points of view? -Wages, Health Insurance, Family Leave, etc. Most labor groups may want to have certain rights of their unions before they work for a higher salary, while other groups may value a raise in salary more. 23. What are the goals of a propagandist? – Propagandists (i.e. advertisers, persuaders and even brainwashers) are interested in influencing others to agree with their point of views. 25. At what stages of policymaking must lobbyists be involved? -Lobbying is done at later stages of policy making. The lobbyist imparts her information with the help of graphs, charts, polls, and reports that she has hunted up or created.